Peroxide free radical initiators containing ultraviolet light stabilizing groups

ABSTRACT

Compounds which contain azo or peroxide linkages as well as the radical of an ultraviolet light stabilizing group are described. These compounds function as polymerization initiators which cause an ultraviolet light stabilization group to be chemically bound to the polymer.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 435,622, filed 1/22/74 Jan.22, 1974 and now abandoned which in turn is a continuation ofapplication Ser. No. 98,893, filed Dec. 16, 1970 and now abandoned.

THE DISCLOSURE

This invention relates to novel compounds which are free radicalinitiators as well as being ultraviolet light stabilizers.

It is well known that many ethylenically unsaturated monomers arepolymerized by the use of free radical initiators, i.e. those havingaliphatic azo or peroxide groups. It is also well known that many of thepolymers resulting from the polymerization of such monomers are subjectto degradation by ultraviolet light, and therefore require the presenceof an ultraviolet light stabilizer to extend the useful life of suchpolymers. Normally, such stabilizers are added to the polymer by methodssuch as milling or other methods of physical mixing. In more recenttimes techniques of copolymerization have been employed by means ofwhich unsaturated derivatives of certain ultraviolet light stabilizingcompounds have been copolymerized with vinyl monomers to form a lightstabilized polymer. The method of physically mixing the stabilizer andthe polymer has always been unsatisfactory because the resultingtwo-phase system is incompatible. The stabilizing compound inevitablymigrates to the surface of the polymer and becomes separated from thepolymer by evaporation, leaching, or erosion.

The copolymerization technique is much more satisfactory than physicallyblending because it provides a chemically bound stabilizer which is notremoved by physical processes. This method, however, has many inherentdisadvantages due to the chemical equilibria involved incopolymerization reactions. The comonomer providing the stabilizercomponent must have its reactivity balanced against that of theprincipal comonomer and the concentrations of these two comonomersadjusted accordingly in order to produce a product having the desiredamount of stabilizer. The copolymerization technique also normallyproduces a product having much more stabilizer incorporated into thepolymer than is necessary, and this increases the cost of the finalproduct markedly. Furthermore, many of the stabilizer comonomers have atendency to homopolymerize rather than to copolymerize and thereby toresult in a product lacking in homogeneity.

It is an object of the present invention to provide novel compoundswhich function both as a free radical initiator and as an ultravioletlight stabilizer. It is another object of this invention to provide alight stabilized polymer wherein the stabilizer is chemically bound tothe polymer and is present in an economical and regulated amount. Stillother objects will be apparent from the more detailed description ofthis invention which follows.

In accordance with this invention, there is provided a free radicalinitiator containing ultraviolet light stabilizing groups and having theformula:

    (R--X--X).sub.n R'

wherein --X--X-- is --O--O-- or --N═N--, R and R' are the same ordifferent radicals, at least one of which comprises an ultraviolet lightstabilizing radical, and n is 1 to 4.

PEROXIDES

In accordance with one preferred embodiment of this invention --X--X--is the peroxide group --O--O--. When n=1 in this embodiment R and R' areboth selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl of 2-20 carbonatoms, aroyl of 7-20 carbon atoms, t-alkyl of 4-12 carbon atoms,t-cycloalkyl of 4-12 carbon atoms, t-aralkyl of 9-15 carbon atoms,alkoxycarbonyl of 2-20 carbon atoms, cycloalkoxycarbonyl of 4-20 carbonatoms, carbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl of 2-13 carbon atoms,cycloalkylcarbamoyl of 4-13 carbon atoms, α-hydroxyalkyl of 2-10 carbonatoms, α-hydroxycycloalkyl of 3-10 carbon atoms, α-hydroperoxyalkyl of2-10 carbon atoms, α-hydroperoxycycloalkyl of 3-10 carbon atoms,alkylsulfonyl of 4-20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylsulfonyl of 3-12 carbonatoms, t-(alkoxyalkyl) of 4-20 carbon atoms, t-(alkoxycycloalkyl) of4-20 carbon atoms, and monovalent organomineral.

When n=2 in this embodiment R may be any of the radicals listed abovefor the condition of n=1, and R' is selected from the group consistingof carbonyl, alkylidene of 2-20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylidene of 3-12carbon atoms, di-t-alkylene of 6-20 carbon atoms, di-t-cycloalkylene of6-20 carbon atoms, di-t-aralkylene of 12-20 carbon atoms, and divalentorganomineral.

When n=3 in this embodiment R may be any of the radicals listed abovefor the condition of n=1, and R' is selected from the group consistingof t-aralkyl-di-t-aralkylene of 15-20 carbon atoms, t-alkylalkylidene of4-20 carbon atoms, t-cycloalkylalkylidene of 4-20 carbon atoms,t-alkylcycloalkylidene of 4-20 carbon atoms, t-cycloalkylcycloalkylideneof 6-20 carbon atoms, t-alkyl-di-t-alkylene of 10-19 carbon atoms,t-alkyl-di-t-cycloalkylene of 10-19 carbon atoms,t-cycloalkyl-di-t-alkylene of 10-19 carbon atoms,t-cycloalkyl-di-t-cycloalkylene of 10-19 carbon atoms, and trivalentorganomineral.

When n=4 in this embodiment R may be any of the radicals listed abovefor the condition of n=1 and R' is dialkylidene of 5-16 carbon atoms.The mineral component in any of the organominerals mentioned above isselected from the group consisting of silicon, arsenic, antimony,phosphorus, germanium, boron, and tin.

AZO COMPOUNDS

In accordance with another preferred embodiment of this invention--X--X-- is the azo group --N═N--. When n=1 in this embodiment R and R'are both selected from the group consisting of alkyl of 1-20 carbonatoms; cycloalkyl of 3-10 carbon atoms; aralkyl of 7-20 carbon atoms;and ##STR1## wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of NC--,##STR2## wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting ofalkyl of 1-20 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl of 3-6 carbon atoms; alkylene of2-30 carbon atoms when R₁ and R₂ are joined together; any of said alkyl,cycloalkyl, or alkylene containing as a substituent a member of thegroup consisting of carboxy, carboxy ester of 1-6 carbon atoms, hydroxy,and alkoxy of 1-6 carbon atoms; and wherein one but not both of R₁ andR₂ may in addition be phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, or phenethyl; R₃ ist-alkyl of 4-8 carbon atoms, t-cycloalkyl of 4-8 carbon atoms, ort-aralkyl of 9-15 carbon atoms; R₄ and R₄ ' are alkyl of 1-6 carbonatoms, cycloalkyl of 3-6 carbon atoms, aryl of 6-12 carbon atoms when R₄and R₄ ' are not joined together, and alkylene of 1-6 carbon atoms orarylene of 6-12 carbon atoms when R₄ and R₄ ' are joined together.Furthermore, with one exception, R, but not R', may also be selectedfrom the group consisting of aryl of 6-14 carbon atoms, acyl of 2-20carbon atoms, aroyl of 7-20 carbon atoms, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl of2-7 carbon atoms, cycloalkylcarbamoyl of 4-11 carbon atoms, --CO₂ Na,--CO₂ K, alkoxycarbonyl of 2-7 carbon atoms, cycloalkoxycarbonyl of 4-11carbon atoms, and aryloxycarbonyl of 7-13 carbon atoms. The oneexception mentioned above is that when R is carbamoyl, R' can be, inaddition, alkoxycarbonyl of 2-7 carbon atoms, cycloalkoxycarbonyl of4-11 carbon atoms, or aryloxycarbonyl of 7-13 carbon atoms.

When n=2 in this embodiment R may be any of the radicals listed abovefor the condition of n=1 and R' is selected from the group consisting ofdi-t-alkylene of 6-20 carbon atoms, di-t-cycloalkylene of 6-20 carbonatoms, di-t-aralkylene of 12-20 carbon atoms, and ##STR3## where R₁ andY are as defined above and R₅ is alkylene of 1-10 carbon atoms orcycloalkylene of 3-10 carbon atoms. Furthermore, in this embodiment whenn=2 and R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or ##STR4## (as defined abovewith respect to the condition of n=1), R' can, in addition, be diacyl of3-10 carbon atoms, diaroyl of 8-14 carbon atoms, arylene of 6-12 carbonatoms, or ##STR5## where R₅ is alkylene of 1-10 carbon atoms,cycloalkylene of 3-10 carbon atoms, or alkyleneoxyalkylene of 2-20carbon atoms.

When n=3 in this embodiment R may be any of the radicals listed abovefor the condition n=1 and R' is selected from the group consisting oftert-aralkyl-di-tert-aralkylene of 15-20 carbon atoms,tert-alkyl-di-tert-alkylene of 10-19 carbon atoms, trialkoxycarbonyl of6-20 carbon atoms, triazinyl, triacyl of 6-20 carbon atoms, and triaroylof 9-20 carbon atoms.

When n=4 in this embodiment R may be any of the radicals listed abovefor the condition n=1 and R' is selected from the group consisting oftetraacyl of 9-20 carbon atoms and tetraaroyl of 9-20 carbon atoms.

R and R¹, in any case, i.e. whether --X--X-- is --O--O-- or --N═N--, maycontain additional substituents such as ester, amide, carbamate,carbonate, sulfonate, ether, and the like, which may or may not serve asthe connecting link between R and/or R¹ and the ultraviolet absorbinggroup.

When n is one, R and R¹ may be the same or different and when n isgreater than one, the R's may be the same or different and --XX-- may bethe same or different.

Specific radicals included within the generic descriptions given abovefor R and R¹ and the subgeneric descriptions for R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, and R₄¹, are the following:

A. When --X--X-- is --O--O-- and n=1, R and/or R¹ may be

1. hydrogen (but only one of said R or R¹ may be hydrogen)

2. acyl which may be acyclic, cyclic, bicyclic, unsaturated, orsubstituted, such as acetyl, propionyl, pelargonyl, lauroyl, stearoyl,cyclohexanecarbonyl, norbornane-5-carbonyl,perhydronaphthalene-2-carbonyl, crotonyl, 3-butenoyl, 3-chloropropionyl,4-ethoxycarbonylbutyryl; cinnamoyl;

3. aroyl which may be substituted or unsubstituted and includes 5- and6-membered heterocyclics such as benzoyl, toluoyl, naphthoyl,p-phenylbenzoyl, p-chlorobenzoyl, p-methoxybenzoyl, p-nitrobenzoyl,o-carboxybenzoyl, p-phenylazobenzoyl, nicotinoyl, 2-furoyl;

4. tert-alkyl and tert-cycloalkyl such as t-butyl, t-amyl,1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-methylcyclodecyl,2-cyclohexylisopropyl;

5. tert-aralkyl such as tert-cumyl, p-isopropylcumyl,2-(2-naphthyl)isopropyl, t-(p-chlorocumyl);

6. alkoxycarbonyl such as methoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl,isopropoxycarbonyl, 4-chlorobutoxycarbonyl, 2-ethylhexoxycarbonyl,tetradecyloxycarbonyl, hexadecyloxycarbonyl, octadecyloxycarbonyl,cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, cyclododecyloxycarbonyl,1-perhydronaphthyloxycarbonyl;

7. carbamoyl, i.e. ##STR6## 8. alkyl or dialkyl carbamoyl of 2-13 carbonatoms such as dimethylcarbamoyl, ethylcarbamoyl,N-ethyl-N-cyclohexylcarbamoyl;

9. α-hydroxyalkyl such as α-hydroxyethyl, α-hydroxy-α-methylethyl,α-hydroxy-α-methylpropyl, α-hydroxy-α-ethyloctyl, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl,1-hydroxycyclodecyl;

10. α-hydroperoxyalkyl such as α-hydroperoxyethyl,α-hydroperoxy-α-methylethyl, α-hydroperoxy-α-methylpropyl,α-hydroperoxy-α-ethyloctyl, 1-hydroperoxycyclohexyl,1-hydroperoxycyclodecyl;

11. alkyl- and cycloalkylsulfonyl such as t-butylsulfonyl,t-amylsulfonyl, heptylsulfonyl, eicosylsulfonyl, cyclopentylsulfonyl,cyclohexylsulfonyl, methylcyclohexylsulfonyl, perhydronaphthylsulfonyl,4-cyclohexylcyclohexylsulfonyl;

12. tert-alkoxyalkyl such as 2-methoxyisopropyl,1-methoxy-1-methyloctadecyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 1-ethoxycyclododecyl;

13. organomineral having the formula (Q)₃ M- or (Q)₂ M'- whereM=silicon, germanium or tin, M' is boron, and Q=alkyl of 1-11 carbonatoms, phenyl, or benzyl such as trimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,triethylsilyl, tripropylgermanium, triphenylgermanium, trimethyltin,tricyclohexyltin, triphenyltin, dioctylboron, didecylboron,dicylodecylboron, dibenzylboron;

14. organophosphorus having the formula ##STR7## or ##STR8## where R =alkyl of 1-8 carbon atoms or phenyl such as diethylphosphate,dimethylphosphate, diphenylphosphinic, di-n-octylphosphate,dibutylphosphinic.

B. when --X--X-- is --O--O-- and n=2, R can be any of the above radicalsunder group A and R' can be

1. ##STR9## 2. alkylidene or cycloalkylidene such as ethylidene,isopropylidene, pentylidene, 1-methylethylidene, 1-heptylpentylidene,1-nonylheptylidene, cyclohexylidene, cyclododecylidene,cyclopropylidene;

3. organomineral having the formula (Q)₂ M= or QM'= where Q, M, and M'are as defined above in A 13), such as dimethylsilyl, diphenylsilyl,diethylsilyl, dipropylgermanium, diphenylgermanium, dimethyltin,dicyclohexyltin, diphenyltin, octylboron, undecylboron, cyclodecylboron,benzylboron;

4. di-tert-alkylene or cycloalkylene such as tetramethylethylene,1,1,4,4-tetramethyltetramethylene, 1,1,8,8-tetraethyloctamethylene,α,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-1,4-cyclohexenylenedimethylene;

5. di-tert-aralkylene such asα,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenedimethylene,α,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-p,p'-biphenylenedimethylene,α,α,α',α'-tetraethyl-1,4-naphthylenedimethylene;

C. When --X--X-- is --O--O-- and n=3, R can be any of the above radicalsunder group A and R' can be

1. tert-aralkyl-di-tert-aralkylene such asα,α,α',α',α",α"-hexamethyl-s-phenenyltrimethylene,α,α,α',α',α",α"-hexaethyl-s-phenenyltrimethylene;

2. tert-alkylalkylidene, cycloalkylalkylidene, cycloalkylcycloalkylideneor alkylcycloalkylidene such as ##STR10##

3. tert-alkyl-di-tert-alkylene such as ##STR11## 4. organomineral havingthe formula QM.tbd. where Q and M are as defined above in A 13) such asmethylsilyl, phenylsilyl, ethylsilyl, propylgermanium, phenylgermanium,methyltin, cyclohexyltin, phenyltin.

D. When --X--X-- is --O--O-- and n=4, R can be any of the above radicalsunder group A and R' can be

1. dialkylidene such as ##STR12##

E. When --X--X-- is --N═N-- and n=1, R and R' may be

1. alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, t-amyl, t-octyl,eicosyl, 1,1-dimethyldodecyl;

2. cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl;

3. aralkyl such as benzyl, phenethyl, t-cumyl, p-isopropyl-t-cumyl,p-phenyl-t-cumyl, 2-(2-naphthyl)isopropyl;

4. ##STR13## which includes such radicals as ##STR14##

F. When --X--X-- is --N═N-- and n=1, one but not both of R and R' maybe, in addition to those in E) above

1. aryl such as phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl, p-phenylphenyl;

2. acyl such as those radicals listed above in A 2).

3. aroyl, such as those radicals listed above in A 3);

4. carbamoyl, ##STR15## 5. alkyl carbamoyl such as those radicals listedabove in A 8); 6. --CO₂ Na and --CO₂ K

7. alkoxy-carbonyl and aryloxycarbonyl such as those radicals listedabove in A 6) and phenyloxycarbonyl, tolyloxycarbonyl, xylyloxycarbonyl;

G. When --X--X-- is --N═N--, n=1, and R is a carbamoyl group, R' canalso be an alkoxycarbonyl or an aryloxycarbonyl as exemplified above inF 7).

H. When --X--X-- is --N═N-- and n=2, R can be any of the radicals aboveunder E, F and G, and R' is

1. di-tert-alkylene and cycloalkylene such as those exemplifed above inB 4);

2. di-tert-aralkylene such as those exemplified above in B 5);

3. ##STR16## where R₁, R₃ and Y are as defined above and R₅ is alkyleneor cycloalkylene such as methylene, ethylene, hexylene, decylene,cyclohexylene, oxydiethylene;

J. When --X--X-- is --N═N-- and n=2, R can be any definition under Eabove and R' can be, in addition to those mentioned in H

1. diacyl such as malonoyl, succinoyl, glutaroyl, sebacoyl;

2. diaroyl such as terephthaloyl, isophthaloyl,4,4'-biphenylenedicarbonyl;

3. arylene such as p-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenylene, 1,4-naphthylene;

4. ##STR17## such as ##STR18##

K. When --X--X-- is --N═N-- and n=3 R can be any radical defined under Eabove and R' can be:

1. tert.-aralkyl-di-tert.-aralkylene such as those exemplified in C1;

2. tert.-alkyl-di-tert.-alkylene such as those exemplified in C3;

3. trialkoxycarbonyl such as ##STR19## 4. triazinyl ##STR20## 5. triacyland triaroyl, such as ##STR21##

L. When --X--X-- is --N═N-- and n = 4 R can be any radical defined underE above and R' can be tetraacyl ad tetraaroyl, such as ##STR22##

M. When n is 2-4 and at least one of the --XX-- groups is --O--O-- andat least one of the --XX groups is --N═N--, the R connected to --OO--can be any radical listed under A above and the R connected to --N═N--can be any radical listed under E above and R¹ is a di-, tri-, ortetravalent radical composed of a combination of those radicals listedunder A, B, and C for the --OO-- linkage and those radicals listed underE, H, and K for the --N═N-- linkage to R¹.

Some examples of such R¹ combinations are: ##STR23##

Compounds having aliphatic azo groups and peroxide groups in the samemolecule and their preparation are disclosed in co-pending applicationSerial No. 37,310 entitled "Compounds having peroxy and aliphatic azogroups and methods using these as initiators".

In the foregoing descriptions, R₁ and R₂ are substituted orunsubstituted and are when not joined together alkyl of 1-20 carbonatoms or cycloalkyl of 3-6 carbon atoms. R₁ and R₂ when joined togetherform an alkylene of 2-30 carbon atoms. Typical examples of alkyl aremethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, andeicosyl. Typical examples of cycloalkyl are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Typical examples of alkylene are ethylene,trimethylene, hexamethylene, octadecamethylene, tricosamethylene andtriacontamethylene. R₃ is a tert.-alkyl of 4-8 carbon atoms, atert.-cycloalkyl of 4-8 carbon atoms or a tert.-aralkyl of 9-15 carbonatoms. Typical examples of such are t-butyl, t-amyl, t-hexyl, t-heptyl,t-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl,2-cyclobutylisopropyl, t-cumyl, p-isopropylcumyl,2-(2-naphtyl)isopropyl, t-(p-chlorocumyl).

R₄ and R₄ ' are alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl,hexyl; cycloalkyl of 3-6 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; aryl of 6-12 carbon atoms such as phenyl,biphenyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl; alkylene of 1-6 carbon atoms, such asethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, hexamethylene; and arylene of6-12 carbon atoms, such as phenylene, biphenylene, naphthylene.

R₅ is alkylene of 1-10 carbon atoms, such as methylene, ethylene,tetramethylene, hexamethylene, decamethylene, or cycloalkylene of 3-10carbon atoms, such as cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclohexylene,cyclodecylene, 1,4-dimethylenecyclohexane.

Ultraviolet light stabilizing compounds are well known, principallyamong those are phenyl salicylates, the orthohydroxy-benzophenones, thecyano-acrylates, and benzotriazoles. Particularly useful among these arethe following compounds: ##STR24##

wherein R₆ is alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms. These compounds are of courseemployed in the form of a radical in the compounds of the presentinvention so that they are joined to another moiety containing aperoxide grouping or an azo grouping. The location of the juncture inthe ultraviolet light stabilizing group is at a ring carbon or a carbonatom in the R₆ group, usually through some coupling group such as anester, amide, ether, sulfonate, carbonate, carbamate, etc.

Typical of the compounds of the present invention are the following:##STR25##

The requirements of a good UV stabilizer are that it must absorbstrongly in the 300 to 400 millimicron range (preferably in the 300 -370 range); exhibit long-term stability toward UV light; it mustdissipate the solar energy in such a manner as to cause no degradationor color development in the plastic; it must impart little or no colorto the plastic material at the normal-use level; it must be heat stableand chemically inert. In addition the UV stabilizer must have goodcompatibility with the particular polymer it is to be used with; havelow volatility; and be relatively non-toxic.

Many UV absorbers fulfill the first set of requirements. The second setof requirements will also be fulfilled if the UV absorber is directlyattached to the polymer chain as is the case with the polymers made bythis invention. In addition the UV absorber will not leach out in thepresence of solvents. The UV absorber will be uniformly dispersedthroughout the polymer and it will not migrate to or away from thesurface on standing.

In addition, the polymers prepared from these novel initiators containfrom 1/2 to 2 ultraviolet stabilizing groups per polymer chain, incontrast to the copolymers derived from the ethylenically unsaturatedderivatives of phenyl salicylate and 2-hydroxybenzophenone mentioned inthe prior art. None of the problems normally encountered in acopolymerization such as the adjustment of monomer ratios withreactivity ratios of the monomers to get the desired composition ofcopolymer are encountered. In addition, many of the ethylenicallyunsaturated 2-hydroxybenzophenone and phenyl salicylate derivatives ofthe prior art tend to homopolymerize preferentially. Difficulties arealso encountered when attempts are made to prepare homogeneouscopolymers with monomers of lesser reactivity such as vinyl chloride andvinyl acetate. The ease with which many of these prior art UVstabilizers tend to polymerize also presents a problem with respect totheir preparation, handling and storage.

In order to effectively withstand the effects of UV radiation theresultant polymers should contain at least 0.01% by weight of theinitiating fragment containing the UV absorbing group. The maximumconcentration will depend upon the particular monomer being polymerizedand the specific end use of the polymer. In most cases a concentrationof 2.0% of the UV absorbing fragment on the polymer will be the maximumconcentration necessary unless the resultant polymer is to be used as avery thin coating, in which case more will be required, as much as 10%in some cases.

Although it is not possible to narrowly define an optimum concentrationrange because the exposure conditions of the polymers (such as degree ofprotection required, polymer thickness, etc.) vary considerably, aconcentration range of 0.1 to 2.0% by weight will suffice for mostapplications. Each of the different polymers requires a certainconcentration range of UV stabilizers for optimum protection because allof the polymers do not have the same susceptibility to degradation byUV. Table I shows some of the concentration ranges of UV absorber thatare presently used for various polymers.

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                        Concentration Ranges for UV Stabilizers                                       ______________________________________                                        Polymer          Concentration, % (wt.)                                       ______________________________________                                        polyacrylics     ≧0.01                                                 polyethylene     0.01 - 1.0                                                   unsaturated polyesters                                                                         0.1  - 2.0                                                   polystyrene      0.2  - 0.5                                                   cellulosics      0.2  - 2.0                                                   poly (vinyl chloride)                                                                          0.25 - 1.0                                                   polypropylene    0.5  - 2.0                                                   coatings         0.1  - 5.0                                                   ______________________________________                                    

The polymers of this invention may be prepared from the novel freeradical polymerization initiators by any of the usual free radicalpolymerization techniques, i.e. bulk, suspension, solution, or emulsionpolymerization techniques.

The polymerizations using these novel initiators may be carried out frombelow -20° C. to above 200° C. depending on the peroxide or azostructure of the initiator and the monomer employed. Generally thepolymerizations will be carried out between 50° to 100° C. depending onthe half-life of the initiator used and the vinyl monomer beingpolymerized. Some free radical ethylene polymerizations are carried outabove 200° C.

When initiators of the present invention are used to polymerize orcopolymerize vinyl monomers, they first fragment into free radicals(equation 1) which then add to a vinyl monomer to form a new freeradical (equation 2) which subsequently adds to more vinyl monomer andso on to form the growing polymer chain (equation 3): ##STR26## Withsome monomers, e.g. butadiene and styrene, the growing polymer chainsterminate predominantly by coupling (equation 4) while with others thetermination reaction may be by disproportionation of two growing polymerchains, hydrogen abstraction or chain transfer (e.g. equation 5):##STR27##

Thus, it can be seen that when both R and R' contain UV stabilizinggroups, i.e. when symmetrical initiators of the present invention areused each polymer chain will contain from one to two UV stabilizinggroups, and that when only R contains a UV stabilizing group, i.e. whenunsymmetrical initiators are used, only one half of the polymer chainswill be initiated by a free radical containing a UV stabilizing group.In this case only one half of the polymer chains will contain UVstabilizing groups on the average.

Thus, one method of controlling the concentration of UV stabilizer inthe polymer is the choice of using a symmetrical vs. unsymmetricalinitiator of the present invention. This, of course, has to becorrelated with the molar initiator requirements required in order toobtain the desired molecular weight of polymer at the desiredtemperature in the specified time period, which, in turn, varies witheach monomer and comonomer system and is well known to the art.

Other methods of controlling the concentration of UV stabilizer in thepolymer or copolymer is to use a conventional initiator in conjunctionwith the initiators of the present invention or to use initiators of thepresent invention of suitable molecular weight or to use initiators ofthe present invention that contain more than one ultraviolet absorbinggroup in both R and R'. The use of higher levels of initiators of thepresent invention can also be used but polymers of lower molecularweight are normally obtained when higher initiator levels are used.However, higher initiator levels can be used when carrying out thepolymerizations at lower temperatures without sacrificing molecularweight. Also, higher initiator levels are sometimes used to obtainshorter polymerization cycles. In any event, a variety of techniques canbe employed to incorporate various levels of ultraviolet lightstabilizing groups into the polymer or copolymer using the initiators ofthe present invention.

The novel free radical generators of the present invention can also beused to provide UV light stabilization to a variety of other materialswhich are prepared via processes requiring free radical generators. Forexample, they can be used as curing agents for resins such as alkyds andunsaturated polyester-vinyl monomer blends to provide the cured resinswhich are stabilized against UV light degradation. They can also be usedas vulcanization agents for natural and synthetic rubbers and elastomerssuch as the silicone rubbers and the ethylene-propylene copolymers toprovide vulcanized rubbers and elastomers which are stabilized againstUV light degradation. They can also be used as crosslinking agents forvarious thermoplastic polymers and copolymers, such as polyethylene,polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, to provide thecross-linked polymers which are stabilized against UV light degradation.They can be used as the free radical sources for preparing block andgraft copolymers to provide such copolymers which are stabilized againstUV light degradation. Other uses for the novel free radical generatorsof the present invention to provide a source of free radicals and alsoimpart stabilization toward UV light in the system will become apparentto those skilled in the art.

The novel free radical generators of this invention can be prepared by avariety of techniques such as:

1. reaction of a UV stabilizer having pendant OH, SH or NH groups (whichare not necessary for UV absorption) with azos or peroxides containingacylating functions, as disclosed in copending application Ser. No.667,352, filed Sept. 13, 1967, now abandoned, with respect to azos andas disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 727,323, filed May 7,1968, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,651, with respect to peroxides;

2. reaction of a UV stabilizer containing an acylating function wih anazo or peroxide containing a reactive OH, SH or NH group;

3. rearrangement of azos or peroxides containing phenyl esters ofcarboxylic acids. The rearrangement can take place either prior to usingthe free radical generator or as a post reaction, usually during theprocessing of the final product (polymer). This rearrangement is knownas the Fries Reaction and can occur under thermal, photo, or FriedelCrafts conditions;

4. reaction of a UV stabilizer containing an active halogen (e.g. from achloromethylation reaction) with an azo or peroxide containing acarboxylic acid salt; and

5. reaction of an azo or peroxide containing an active halogen with a UVstabilizer containing a carboxylic acid salt.

The evaluation of the novel initiators for their ability to produce UVstabilized polymers has been determined by polymerizing styrene usingcertain of the novel initiators and then determining the retention offlexural strength of the polystyrene upon exposure to UV light. Theretention of flexural strength according to a modified ASTM ProcedureD790-63 was compared with the retention of flexural strength ofpolystyrene prepared from azo an peroxide initiators of similarstructure which did not have UV absorbing groups on them. Comparisonswere also made with a polystyrene in which an extraneous UV absorber hadbeen added after the polymerization was complete. Table II describes thepolymerization initiator, the parts of the initiator per 100 hundredparts of monomer, the UV absorber present, the hours of exposure to UVradiation, the flexural strength and the percent flexural strengthretained after UV exposure.

By comparing Runs 1-3 it is easy to see that the polystyrene preparedfrom the novel initiator2-(4-t-butyl-azo-4-cyanovaleryloxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone had thegreatest retention of flexural strength. The polystyrene which wasprepared by adding an extraneous UV absorber during the polymerization(Run 3) had intermediate stability with degradation occurring after 160hours of UV radiation. The polystyrene without any UV stabilizer present(Run 2) had very poor stability, its flexural strength retentiondropping to 57% after only 80 hours exposure.

By comparing Runs 4-6, it is again easy to see that the polystyreneprepared from the novel azo initiator (Run 4) had the greatest retentionof flexural strength. In fact, the flexural strength actually increasedon prolonged radiation. Again the polystyrene which was prepared byadding an extraneous UV absorber during the polymerization (Run 6) hadintermediate stability. The polystyrene without any UV stabilizerpresent (Run 5) had very poor stability again.

By comparing Runs 9-11, it is obvious that the novel peroxide initiatorsare also quite effective in stabilizing polystyrene against UVradiation. Again the polystyrene prepared from the novel initiator (Run9) had the greatest retention of flexural strength. The polystyrenewhich was prepared by adding an extraneous UV absorber during thepolymerization (Run 11) had intermediate stability and the polystyrenewithout any UV stabilizer present (Run 10) had very poor stability.

It should be noted that the molecular weights of the polymers obtainedin Runs 7, 8 and 12 in which the UV absorber was added on the mill aremuch lower than comparable samples in which no UV absorber was added.This indicates that polymer degradation was occurring on the mill.Therefore, this is not a very desirable method of incorporating a UVabsorber into a polymer. Due to the polymer degradation on the mill,these polymers were not subjected to the UV radiation. Adding anextraneous UV absorber during a polymerization is not a very desirablemethod of incorporating a UV absorber into a polymer either, since thisforeign substance can very often change the rate, and/or degree ofpolymerization as well as the molecular weight and physical propertiesof the finished polymer. It can also be partly or completely removedfrom the polymer in those instances where the polymer must be purifiedby washing and extraction techniques or during the removal of the mediumused for the polymerization.

In the following examples, there are presented illustrative embodimentsof this invention. Percentages and parts are by weight, and temperaturesare in degrees centigrade unless otherwise noted.

EXAMPLE IA

Preparation of 4-(4-t-Butylazo-4-cyanovaleryloxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone##STR28##

To a solution of 4.7 g. (0.022 m) of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone and 2.5ml. of pyridine in 35 ml. of ether in a 4 neck 100 ml. round bottomflask containing a thermometer, condenser and magnetic stirring bar wasadded 4.0 g. (0.0218 m) of 4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryl chloride dropwisewith cooling so the temperature did not rise above 25° C. Aftercompletion of the addition the reaction mixture was stirred 1/2 hour atroom temperature and then diluted with 100 ml. of water. The ether layerwas separated, washed consecutively with 5% HCl, water, and 10% NaHCO₃solution and saturated sodium chloride solution. The ether wasevaporated off and the residue dissolved in methylene chloride, driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the methylene chloridestripped off under reduced pressure. The product weighted 8.8 g. (99%yield) and was a viscous syrup. The infrared spectrum was in agreementwith the structure of the desired product.

PREPARATION OF 4-T-BUTYLAZO-4 -CYANOVALERYL CHLORIDE A. Preparation of4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleric acid

To a mixture of 10.2 grams (0.0876 mole) of levulinic acid in 25 ml ofwater was added in the following sequence: 7.04 grams (0.0876 mole) of50% sodium hydroxide, 5.88 grams (0.12 mole) of sodium cyanide and 10.9grams (0.0438 mole) of t-butylhydrazine hydrochloride. The reactionmixture was stirred for 5 hours at room temperature, cooled to 5° C. andchlorine passed into the system holding the temperature below 15° C.until there was an increase in weight 10.0 grams (0.14 mole). After thechlorination was over, the product was extracted with methylenechloride, the methylene chloride solution washed twice with water, driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the methylene chlorideevaporated on a rotating evaporator to leave 9.70 grams (52.5% yield) ofcrude product. The crude material was recrystallized frombenzene-pentane to give 8.0 grams of product having a melting range of79°-81° C.

B. Preparation of 4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryl chloride

Into a 25 ml round bottom flask was weighed 5 grams (0.0237 mole) of4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleric acid and then 15 ml of benzene and 2 ml ofthionyl chloride were added. The acid dissolved and the solution wasstirred for 4 hours at 25° C. ± 2° C. (protected from the atmosphere bya CaCl₂ tube). At the end of the stirring period the benzene and excessthionyl chloride were evaporated under reduced pressure leaving 5.35grams (98.8% yield) of 4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryl chloride.

EXAMPLE IB Curing an Unsaturated Polyester-Styrene Resin with4-(4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryloxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone

An unsaturated polyester resin was prepared by reacting maleic anhydride(1.0 mole), phthalic anhydride (1.0 mole), and propylene glycol (2.2moles) until an acid number of 45- 50 was obtained. To this was addedhydroquinone at a 0.013% concentration. Seven parts of this unsaturatedpolyester was diluted with 3 parts of monomeric styrene to obtain ahomogeneous blend having a viscosity of 13.08 poise and a specificgravity of 1.14.

To 20 grams of this blend was added 0.2 gram of4-(4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryloxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone and theresultant composition placed in a constant temperature bath at 212° F.The internal temperature was recorded as a function of time and a peakexotherm of 422° F. was reached in 6.6 minutes indicating an excellentcure of the unsaturated polyester-styrene resin blend had occurred.Without an initiator, no cure of this resin blend occurred after morethan 30 minutes at 212° F.

EXAMPLE II Preparation of4,4'-Di(4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryloxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone ##STR29##

To a solution of 2.04 g. (0.0085 m) of 2,4,4'-trihydroxybenzophenone and2.5 ml of pyridine in 30 ml of ether in a 4 neck 100 ml round bottomflask equipped with a thermometer, condenser and magnetic stirring barwas added 3.9 g. (0.017 m) of 4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryl chloridedropwise with cooling so the temperature did not rise above 25° C. Aftercompletion of the addition the reaction mixture was stirred 1/2 hour atroom temperature and then diluted with 100 ml of water. The ether layerwas separated, washed consecutively with 5% HCl, water, 10% NaHCO₃solution and saturated sodium chloride solution. The ether wasevaporated off and the residue dissolved in methylene chloride, driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the methylene chloridestripped off under reduced pressure. The product weighed 4.0 g. (77%yield) and was a viscous syrup. The infrared spectrum of the product wasin agreement with the structure of the desired product.

EXAMPLE III

Preparation of 2-(4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryloxy)-2'-hydroxybenzophenone##STR30##

To a solution of 4.68 g. (0.0218 m) of 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone and2.5 ml of pyridine in 30 ml of ether in a 4 neck 100 ml round bottomflask equipped with a thermometer, condenser and magnetic stirring barwas added 5.0 g. (0.0218 m) of 4-t-butylazo-4-cyanovaleryl chloridedropwise with cooling so the temperature did not rise above 25° C. Aftercompletion of the addition the reaction mixture was stirred 1/2 hour atroom temperature and then diluted with 100 ml of water. The ether layerwas separated, washed consecutively with 5% HCl, water, 10% NaHCO₃solution and saturated sodium chloride solution. The ether wasevaporated off leaving a yellow solid. The solid was slurried inpentane, filtered and air dried. The product weighed 6.3 g. (71.2%yield) and decomposed slowly on heating above 80° C. The infraredspectrum of the product was in agreement with the structure of thedesired product.

EXAMPLE IV

Preparation of Di-[2-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl]trans-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovalerate) ##STR31##

To a solution of 7.05 g. (0.0328 m) of 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone and3.5 ml. of pyridine in 50 ml. of benzene in a 4 neck 100 ml round bottomflask equipped with a thermometer, condenser and magnetic stirring barwas added 5.2 g. (0.0164 m) of trans-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovalerylchloride) as a solid in small increments with cooling so the temperaturedid not rise above 25° C. After completion of the addition the reactionmixture was stirred 2 hours at room temperature and then diluted with100 ml. of water. The benzene layer was separated and washed with 5% HCland water. It was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and thebenzene stripped off. The product was a viscous syrup and weighed 8.4 g.(76% yield). The infrared spectrum of the product was in agreement withthe structure of the desired product.

PREPARATION OF TRANS-4,4'-AZOBIS(4-CYANOVALERYL CHLORIDES) A.Preparation of Cis- and Trans-4,4'-Azobis(4 -cyanovaleric acid)

A solution of 154.8 grams (1.82 moles) levulinic acid, 53.2 grams (1.32moles) sodium hydroxide and 21.8 grams (0.66 mole) of 97% hydrazine wasrefluxed in an oil bath for 5 hours. The solution was cooled to roomtemperature, 160 ml HCN added, and the reaction stirred overnight. Thesolution was then made acid with a few ml of conc. HCl and the excessHCN was stripped off under aspirator vacuum, trapping the volatile HCNin a "Dry Ice" trap. After most of the excess HCN had been stripped off,the solution was made basic again with 50% NaOH and chlorine passed intothe system. The temperature was controlled below 15° C. by means of anice bath and the chlorine passed in until the exotherm ceased(approximately 85 grams or 1.2 moles). During the oxidation, a solidprecipitated out of solution. The solid was filtered off, washed oncewith cold water and air dried. The crude yield was 140 grams (76% yield)of a light brown powder having a melting range of 118°-125° C. Repeatedrecystallization from ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate separated theproduct into two pure isomeric forms, one melting at 141°-143° C. (35grams from ethanol) and the other at 125°-127° C. (22.5 grams from ethylacetate). The higher melting isomer was also the less soluble isomer andwas assigned the trans-structure, and the other isomer was assigned thecis-structure.

B. Preparation of Trans-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleryl chloride)

A mixture of 10 grams (0.0358 mole) trans-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovalericacid) and 200 ml of thionyl chloride in a 500 ml round bottom flaskcontaining a magnetic stirring bar and a condenser with a drying tube,was refluxed for 1 hour in a 100° C. oil bath. The resulting solutionwas filtered while still warm and the excess thionyl chloride strippedfrom the filtrate. The residue was slurried in benzene and stripped todryness. The resultant solid was dissolved in warm benzene, filtered andprecipitated back out with pentane. The solid was filtered off anddried. The yield was 5.4 grams (47.5% yield) of a white powder with amelting range of 81°-83° C. (dec.).

EXAMPLE V Preparation ofDi-(3-hydroxy-4-benzoylphenyl)trans-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovalerate)##STR32##

To a solution of 10.7 g. (0.050 m) of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone and 4.5ml. of pyridine in 70 ml. of methylene chloride in a 200 ml. 4-neckround bottom flask equipped with a thermometer, condenser and magneticstirring bar was added 7.9 g. (0.025 m) oftrans-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleryl chloride) as a solid in smallincrements with cooling so the temperature did not rise above 25° C.After completion of the addition the reaction mixture was diluted with150 ml. water and the methylene chloride layer separated. The organiclayer was washed with 5% HCl and water, dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered and the methylene chloride stripped off. The residuewas a light tan tacky solid weighing 15.2 g. (90.5% yield). The infraredspectrum of the product was in agreement with the structure of thedesired product.

EXAMPLE VI Preparation of Di-[2-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl]cis-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovalerate) ##STR33##

To a solution of 12.5 g. (0.0583 m) of 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone and 6ml. of pyridine in 75 ml. of benzene in a 4 neck 200 ml. round bottomflask equipped with a thermometer, condenser and magnetic stirring barwas added 9.2 g. (0.0291 m) of cis-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleryl chloride),as a solid in small increments, with cooling so the temperature did notrise above 35° C. After completion of the addition, the reaction mixturewas stirred 21/2 hours at room temperature and then diluted with 100 ml.water. The benzene layer was separated and washed with 5% HCl and thenwith water until neutral. The benzene solution was dried over anhydroussodium sulfate, filtered and the benzene stripped off. The residue was alight yellow tacky solid weighing 20.5 g. (105% yield). The infraredspectrum showed the product was in agreement with the structure of thedesired product and that a small amount of benzene was still present inthe tacky solid.

Preparation of Cis-4,4'-Azobis(4-cyanovaleryl chloride)

A 500 ml. 3-neck flask containing 20.7 grams (0.074 mole) ofcis-4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (prepared as described in ExampleIV), 120 ml. thionyl chloride, a magnetic stirring bar, a thermometer,and a condenser with a drying tube was immersed into an oil bathpreheated to 125° C. At the end of 8 minutes complete solution wasobtained and the oil bath was rapidly replaced by an ice bath. Thesolution was cooled to room temperature and the excess thionyl chloridestripped off. The residue was slurried in benzene and the benzenestripped off. The resulting solid was dissolved in warm benzene and thenprecipitated by the addition of pentane. The precipitate was filteredoff and dried. The yield was 20.7 grams (88.4% yield) of a white powderwith a melting range of 88°-90° C. (dec.).

EXAMPLE VII Preparation of OO-t-butyl O- 2-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)phenylmonoperoxyphthalate ##STR34##

To a solution of 10.7 g. (0.05 m) of 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone and 4.9ml of pyridine in 50 ml. of methylene chloride in a 4 neck 100 ml. roundbottom flask equipped with a thermometer condenser and magnetic stirringbar was added 12.8 g. (0.05 m) of t-butylperoxy-2-(chloro-carbonyl)benzoate dropwise over 1/2 hour holding thetemperature between 20°-25° C. with a cold water bath. After theaddition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred an additional 1hour at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 100ml of water, the methylene chloride layer separated and washedconsecutively with 5% HCl, water, 10% NaHCO₃ solution and saturatedsodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filteredand the methylene chloride stripped off. The residue weighed 20.5 g.(94.3% yield) and assayed 85.6%. The infrared spectrum of the productwas in agreement with the structure of the desired product.

Preparation of t-Butylperoxy 2 -(Chlorocarbonyl)benzoate

To a suspension of 22.9 grams (0.096 mole) OO-t-butyl hydrogenmonoperoxyphthalate in 150 ml. of benzene at 10° C. was added 20.0 grams(0.096 mole) of PCl₅ in a single portion. The components went intosolution, the ice bath was removed and the temperature was allowed torise to room temperature. At the end of 13/4 hours stirring time, thereaction mixture was stirred into 150 ml. of ice water, stirred 3minutes, the organic layer separated, dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered and the benzene evaporated under reduced pressure togive 23.5 grams (95.7% yield) of crude product. This general process isdescribed in copending patent application Ser. No. 727,323, filed May 7,1968.

EXAMPLE VIII General Procedure for Evaluation of UV Light Stability ofPolystyrene Prepared from Novel Initiators

The polystyrene was prepared by a suspension polymerization techniqueusing 1,000 grams of water, 0.0828 grams of gelatin, 50 grams of calciumphosphate, 500 grams of styrene and the amount of initiator indicated inTable II. In some cases, 2-acetoxy-2'-hydroxybenzophenone, a UV absorberof similar structure to that in the novel initiators used, was addedduring the polymerization step or after the polymerization on a rubbermill. In all cases, with the exception of the blanks, the concentrationof the UV absorbing structure was kept at 0.5 parts per hundred ofstyrene monomer. The polymerizations were carried out between 75° - 95°C. depending on the half-life of the initiator. In any event, thecontrols were run through the same heating cycle as the comparativepolymerizations.

The polystyrene was press molded at 300° F. for 5 minutes into 5 inches× 1/2 inch × 1/4 inch bars. These bars, four to a set, were then exposedto a Westinghouse 275 Watt sunlight bulb for 0, 80, 160 and 240 hoursaccording to a modified ASTM Procedure D620-57T. After the exposureperiods, flexural strengths of the polystyrene prepared from the variousinitiator systems were determined according to ASTM Procedure D790-63.The results are tabulated in Table II.

                                      TABLE II                                    __________________________________________________________________________                                              Exposure                                                                PHR of                                                                              to U.V.                                                                            Flexural                                                                           % Flexural                                                                          Molecular           Run                                 U.V.  Radiation                                                                          Strength                                                                           Strength                                                                            Weight              #  Polymerization Initiatior                                                               M.W.    PHR U.V. Absorber                                                                            Absorber                                                                            (Hrs.)                                                                             (PSI)                                                                              Retained                                                                            of                  __________________________________________________________________________                                                              Polymer             1  2-(4-t-Butyiazo-4-                                                                           407                                                                              0.755                                                                             Attached   0.5   0    7243 --    302,800                cyanovaleryloxy-                       80   6384 88.1                         2'hydroxybenzophenone                  160  6595 91.1                         (From Example IA)                      240  6581 90.9                      2  Ethyl 4-t-Butyiazo-                                                                          239                                                                              0.443                                                                             None       0     0    8708 --    327,000                4-cyanovalerate                        80   4805 57.2                                                                160  5088 58.4                                                                240  4020 46.2                      3  Ethyl 4-t-Butyinzo-                                                                          239                                                                              0.443                                                                             2-Acetoxy-2'-                                                                            0.5   0    6830 --    333,000                4-cyanovaicrate       hydroxybenzophenone                                                                            80   6328 92.7                                               (added during    160  6565 96.1                                               Polymerization)  240  5053 74.0                      4  Di-2-(2-       672                                                                              0.624                                                                             Attached   0.5   0    5188 --                           hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl                  80   5100 98.3                         cis-4,4'-                              160  5658 109.0                        Azobis(4-cyanovalerate)                                                       (From Example VI)                           240  5615  108.2               5  Azobisisobutyronitrile                                                                       164                                                                              0.344                                                                             None       0     0    7626 --    314,500                                                       80   6387 83.8                                                                160  5715 74.9                                                                240  3994 52.4                      6  Azobisisobutyronitrile                                                                       164                                                                              0.344                                                                             2-Acetoxy-2'-                                                                            0.5   0    7173 --    308,000                                      hydroxybenzophenone                                                                            80   6340 88.4                                               (added during    160  6750 94.1                                               Polymerization)  240  6498 90.6                      7  Ethyl 4-t-Butylazo-                                                                          239                                                                              0.443                                                                             2-Acetoxy-2'-                                                                            0.5   0    6678 --    222,000                4-cyanovalerate       hydroxybenzophenone                                                           (added on mill)                                      8  Azobisisobutyronitrile                                                                       164                                                                              0.344                                                                             2-Acetoxy-2'-                                                                            0.5   0    6600 --    167,800                                      hydroxybenzophenone                                                           (added on mill)                                      9  OO-t-Butyl O-2-                                                                              434                                                                              0.805                                                                             Attached   0.5   0    11023                                                                              --    248,000                2-Hydroxybenzoyl)-                     80   10733                                                                              97.2                         phenyl Monoperoxyphthalate             160  9695 87.2                         (From Example VII)                     240  9783 87.7                      10 OO-t-Butyl O-Ethyl                                                                           266                                                                              0.492                                                                             None       0     0    11830                                                                              --    248,000                Monoperoxyphthalate                    80   8595 72.6                                                                160  7556 64.8                                                                240  5721 48.4                      11 OO-t-Butyl O-Ethyl                                                                           266                                                                              0.492                                                                             2-Acetoxy-2'-                                                                            0.5   0    8814 --    213,000                phthalate Monoperoxyphhatate                                                                        hydroxybenzophenone                                                                            80   8578 97.3                                               (added during    160  7201 81.8                                               Polymerization)  240  7200 81.8                      12 OO-t-Butyl O-Ethyl                                                                           266                                                                              0.492                                                                             2-Acetoxy-2'-                                                                            0.5   0    8691 --    174,000                monoperoxyphthalate   hydroxybenzophenone                                                           (added on mill)                                      __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE IX

Preparation of OO-t-Butyl O-p-Tolyl Monoperoxysuccinate ##STR35##

To a vigorously stirred solution of 15.6 g. (0.143 mole) of 82.0%t-butyl hydroperoxide and 57.0 g. (0.143 mole) of aqueous 10% sodiumhydroxide at 5°-10° C. was added slowly 24.6 g. (0.109 mole) of3-(p-tolyoxycarbonyl)propionyl chloride (prepared from p-tolyl3-carboxypropionate and thionyl chloride) in 50 ml. of diethyl ether.The reaction mixture was then stirred at 5°-10° C. for 3 hours, afterwhich additional ether was added to the mixture and the resulting ethersolution was washed, first with 10% sodium hydroxide solution, andfinally with water until the solution was neutral. After drying overanhydrous MgSO₄ and removal of the ether in vacuo 28.2 g. (theory, 30.4g.) of white solid, m.p. 72°-77° C., was obtained. The assay accordingto "active oxygen" content was 100% and the corrected yield was 92.8%.

EXAMPLE X Preparation of OO-t-Butyl O-p-Tolyl Monoperoxyglutarate##STR36##

To a vigorously stirred solution of 4.9 g. (0.045 mole) of 82.0% t-butylhydroperoxide and 18.0 g. (0.045 mole) of aqueous 10% sodium hydroxideat 10°-14° C. was slowly added 8.2 g. (0.034 mole) of4-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)butyryl chloride (prepared from p-tolyl4-carboxybutyrate and thionyl chloride) in 25 ml. of diethyl ether. Thereaction mixture was then stirred for 3.5 hours at 8°-10° C. After awork-up similar to that in Example I 8.2 g. (theory, 10.0 g.) of whitesolid, m.p. 50°-55° C., was obtained. The assay according to "activeoxygen" content was 93.6% and the corrected yield was 76.7%.

EXAMPLE XI Preparation of Di-[3-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)propionyl] Peroxide##STR37##

To a vigorously stirred solution of 2.0 g. (0.029 mole) of 50% H₂ O₂ and25.2 g. (0.063 mole) of aqueous 10% sodium hydroxide at 10°-14° C. wasadded slowly 10.9 g. (0.0483 mole) of 3-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)propionylchloride in ether solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredfor an additional three hours. After a work-up similar to that inExample I 9.1 g. (theory, 10.0 g.) of white solid, m.p. 94°-106° C.(decomp.) was obtained. The assay according to "active oxygen" contentwas 92.3% and the corrected yield was 83.9%.

EXAMPLE XII Preparation of Di-[4-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)butyryl] Peroxide##STR38##

To a vigorously stirred solution of 1.7 g. (0.025 mole) of 50% hydrogenperoxide and 22.7 g. (0.057 mole) of aqueous 10% sodium hydroxide at10°-14° C. was slowly added a solution of 4-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)-butyrylchloride in 50 ml. of ether. The resulting reaction mixture was stirredfor an additional three hours. After a work-up similar to that inExample I 7.5 g. (theory, 10.0 g.) of liquid was obtained. The assayaccording to "active oxygen" content was 81.5% and the corrected yieldwas 61.2%. After being stored at 0° C. for several days the productsolidifed and had a melting point of 24°-30° C.

Although the invention has been described in considerable detail withreference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will beunderstood that variations and modifications can be effected within thespirit and scope of the invention as described hereinabove and asdefined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. In the process of preparing a polymer containingan ultraviolet light stabilizer chemically bound to said polymercomprising polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer capable ofbeing polymerized by free radicals in the presence of a free radicalinitiator the improvement comprising polymerizing said monomer in thepresence of a free radical initiator containing ultraviolet lightstabilizing groups and having the formula:

    (R-O-O).sub.n R'

wherein n is 1 to 4 with provisos (a) through (f) recited below, a. whenn is 1, R and R' are the same or different and are selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, acyl of 2-20 carbons, aroyl of 7-20carbons, tert-alkyl of 4-12 carbons, tert-cycloalkyl of 4-12 carbons,tertaralkyl of 9-15 carbons, alkoxycarbonyl of 2-20 carbons,cycloalkoxylcarbonyl of 4-20 carbons, carbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl,alkylcarbamoyl of 2-13 carbons, cycloalkylcarbamoyl of 4-13 carbons,α-hydroxyalkyl of 2-10 carbons, α-hydroxycycloalkyl of 3-10 carbons,α-hydroperoxyalkyl of 2-10 carbons, α-hydroperoxycycloalkyl of 3-10carbons, alkylsulfonyl of 4-10 carbons, cycloalkylsulfonyl of 3-12carbons, tert-(alkyloxyalkyl) of 4-20 carbons, tert-(alkoxycycloalkyl)of 4-20 carbons, Q₃ M, Q₂ M', diethylphosphate, dimethylphosphate,diphenylphosphinic, di-n-octylphosphate, and dibutyl phosphinic;whereinM is selected from silicon, germanium, or tin; M' is boron; and Q isalkyl of 1-11 carbons, phenyl, benzyl, or cyclohexyl; b. when n is 2, Ris selected from any of the radicals listed under (a) and R' is selectedfrom the group consisting of carbonyl, alkylidene, of 2-20 carbons,cycloalkylidene of 3-2 carbons, di-tert-alkylene of 6-20 carbons,di-tert-cycloalkylene of 6-20 carbons, di-tert-aralkylene of 12-20carbons, Q₂ M<, QM'<wherein M is selected from silicon, germanium ortin; M' is boron; and Q is alkyl of 1-11 carbons, phenyl, benzyl, orcyclohexyl; c. when n is 3, R is selected from any of the radicalslisted under (a) and R' is selected from the group consisting oftert-aralkyl-di-tert-aralkylene of 15-20 carbons, tert-alkylalkylideneof 4-20 carbons, tert-cycloalkylalkylidene of 4-20 carbons,tert-alkylcycloalkylidene of 4-20 carbons,tert-cycloalkylcycloalkylidene of 6-20 carbons,tert-alkyl-di-tert-alkylene of 10-19 carbons,tert-alkyl-di-tert-cycloalkylene of 10-19 carbons,tert-cycloalkyl-di-tert-alkylene of 10-19 carbons,tert-cycloalkyl-di-tert-cycloalkylene of 10-19 carbons, andQM.tbd.wherein M is selected from silicon, germanium or tin; and Q isselected from alkyl of 1-11 carbons, phenyl, benzyl or cyclohexyl; d.when n is 4, R is selected from any of the radicals listed under (a) andR' is dialkylidene of 5-16 carbons; e. only one of R and R' can behydrogen; and f. at least one of R and R' contains an ultraviolet lightstabilizing radical of a compound selected from the group consisting of##STR39## wherein R₆ is alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms.
 2. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the free radical initiator is OO-t-butylO-2-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) phenyl monoperoxyphthalate.
 3. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the free radical initiator is OO-t-butyl O-p-tolylmonoperoxysuccinate.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the free radicalinitiator is di[4-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)butyryl] peroxide.
 5. The processof claim 1 wherein the free radical initiator is1,3-dimethyl-3-hydroperoxybutyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate.
 6. Theprocess of claim 1 wherein the free radical initiator is1,4-di-[1-(3-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxycarbonyl)propionylperox)-1-methylethyl]benzene.
 7. The process of claim 1 whereinthe free radical initiator is1,3,5-tri-[1-(4-(4-benzoyloxyphenoxycarbonyl)butyrylperoxy)-1-methylethyl]benzene.